3 Accounts and finance

Table of Contents

1. Topic pack - Accounts and finance - introduction
2. 3.1 Sources of finance - notes
3. 3.1 Sources of finance - questions
4. 3.2 Investment appraisal - notes
5. Investment appraisal
   1. Investment appraisal
   2. Investment appraisal issues
   3. Investment appraisal techniques
   4. Discounted cash flow (DCF) & Net present value (NPV)
   5. The time value of money
   6. Residual values
   7. Investment appraisal - qualitative factors
6. 3.2 Investment appraisal - questions
7. 3.3 Working capital - notes
8. 3.3 Working capital - questions
9. 3.4 Budgeting - notes (HL only)
10. 3.4 Budgeting - questions
11. 3.5 Final accounts - notes
12. 3.5 Final accounts - questions
13. 3.5 Final accounts - simulations and activities
14. 3.6 Ratio analysis - notes
15. 3.6 Ratio analysis - questions
16. 3.6 Ratio analysis - simulations and activities
17. Printable version

Investment appraisal AO3

AO3 You need to be able to: Demonstrate synthesis and evaluation. Command terms these terms require you to rearrange component ideas into a new whole and make judgments based on evidence or a set of criteria. Compare,  Compare and contrast, Contrast, Discuss, Evaluate, Examine, Justify, Recommend, To what extent

What exactly is Investment? This is one of the most confusing terms used in business and its meaning depends on the context. In this context investment can be seen as adding to capital (more machinery, bigger factory, vehicles etc). In other words it is putting off profit now (or negotiating a loan or using share capital) to gain greater profit later.

In the next section we will be looking at investment appraisal. In essence, we will be looking at the question 'is it worth investing in that project?'

Just like individuals, the finance available to firms is limited and so they must choose how to spend this finance in a way that offers the best return on their investment. This is not always an easy assessment because it is dependent upon the time period involved and the level of risk the firm is prepared to take.

A business may have a variety of investment decisions. They may have to choose between:

• Launching one product or another
• Between different locations for parts or whole of their business
• Buying one piece of equipment or another

Investment appraisal is a quantitative technique used to help with decision making. However, like all such business tools it must be remembered that the reliability of the outcome is only as good as the data used in the appraisal. As is often said, 'Garbage In, Garbage Out' (GIGO).

Investment appraisal requires two main pieces of information

• The capital cost of the project
• The value of the project (what cash will it bring in for the cost?)

Investment appraisal is a forward-looking process. It considers what might happen, and makes forecasts of financial returns. However, these forecasts will always contain elements of inaccuracy, uncertainty and risk and we will examine how different investment appraisal methods account for these elements.

Investment appraisal can be used to choose between one project and another, and also to rank the investments in terms of financial returns. Just like other tools in the business and management toolbox, it is likely that investment appraisal will be used in combination with other tools to provide a broader analysis. Non-financial information may be just as important in the decision making as financial outcomes. It may be the best financial decision to locate in a remote area of the world, but how will employees and customers react?