Marketing

Table of Contents

1. Topic pack - Marketing - introduction
2. 4.1 The role of marketing - notes
3. 4.1 The role of marketing - questions
4. 4.2 Marketing Planning - notes
5. 4.2 Marketing planning - questions
6. 4.3 Product introduction - notes
   1. Product
   2. Classification of products
   3. The total product and Marketing Myopia
   4. New product design and development
   5. New Product Development: Invention and Innovation
   6. Product development: the good, the bad and the ugly
   7. New product development
   8. New product development - case study
   9. Product life cycle
   10. Product life cycle - interactive diagram
   11. Product life cycle - case study (1)
   12. Product life cycle - case study (2)
   13. Product life cycle - case studies (3)
   14. Product life cycle - extension strategies
   15. The product life cycle & cash flow
   16. The product life cycle and product diffusion
   17. Product adoption - case study
   18. Product portfolio analysis
   19. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix
   20. Using the BCG matrix
   21. Branding
   22. The importance and role of branding
   23. Branding - activities
   24. Brand development
   25. Brand loyalty
   26. Types of branding
   27. Global Brands
   28. Marketing blunders
   29. Brand-as-person
7. 4.3 Product - questions
8. 4.3 Product - simulations and activities
9. 4.4 Price - notes
10. 4.4 Price - questions
11. 4.4 Price - simulations and activities
12. 4.4 Promotion - notes
13. 4.5 Promotion - questions
14. 4.6 Place (distribution) - notes
15. 4.7 International marketing - notes
16. 4.7 International marketing - questions
17. 4.8 E-commerce - notes
18. 4.8 E-commerce - questions
19. Printable version

The total product and Marketing Myopia

In 1960, Theodore Levitt published a revolutionary article in the Harvard Business Review entitled 'Marketing Myopia'. In this article he argued that too many companies looked inwards at their products, rather than outwards at their customer needs. He famously said that customers do not want drills, but holes. Companies should redefine themselves as satisfying customer needs and redefine their idea of their product accordingly.

Marketers, therefore, should think of products in terms of the total product, which refers to the broad spectrum of tangible and intangible benefits that a buyer might gain from a product once it has been purchased.

Philip Kotler has suggested the following approach to analysing the different levels of a product or service:

• Core product - this addresses the customer's need for a basic benefit, e.g. a car is a form of transport to get from point A to point B. It could equally be achieved by bus or cycle.
• Actual product - includes brand names, features, quality, packaging, styling and design. For cars, the brand may be the crucial purchase consideration as cars can confer some status on their owners. They are also aspirational in nature. The purchase of a particular brand of car may allow the owner to park in the Golf Club car park rather than half a mile away to avoid recognition!
• Augmented product - this is the core product plus all additional elements that add value for customers. Additional features such as after sales service, warranty, delivery & credit, may offer the brand a unique selling proposition, providing competitive advantage.

Core products are developed into augmented products through branding. However, over a period of time, features unique to one manufacturer or brand may become standard and become an expected element of the core product. Parking sensors in cars fit into this category.